Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

1.9K
NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
1.9K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.6K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.6K
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

2.4K
In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the...
2.4K
The Pauli Exclusion Principle03:06

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

58.8K
The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:
58.8K
Gauss's Law: Planar Symmetry01:27

Gauss's Law: Planar Symmetry

9.3K
A planar symmetry of charge density is obtained when charges are uniformly spread over a large flat surface. In planar symmetry, all points in a plane parallel to the plane of charge are identical with respect to the charges. Suppose the plane of the charge distribution is the xy-plane, and the electric field at a space point P with coordinates (x, y, z) is to be determined. Since the charge density is the same at all (x, y) - coordinates in the z = 0 plane, by symmetry, the electric field at P...
9.3K
¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns01:13

¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns

6.5K
When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
6.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Sub-second a-scan acquisition using marginal spectral-domain quantum optical coherence tomography.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Integrated photon pairs source in silicon carbide based on micro-ring resonators for quantum storage at telecom wavelengths.

Scientific reports·2024
Same author

Design and fabrication of Mach-Zehnder interferometers in soda-lime glass for temperature sensing applications.

Applied optics·2023
Same author

Generation of structured light by multilevel orbital angular momentum holograms.

Optics express·2019
Same author

Fiber-based photon-pair source capable of hybrid entanglement in frequency and transverse mode, controllably scalable to higher dimensions.

Scientific reports·2016
Same author

Nanostep height measurement via spatial mode projection.

Optics letters·2014

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

9.6K

Entangled two-photon states in the helical Mathieu-Gauss modes basis.

D Salamanca-Roldán, A A Aguilar-Cardoso, O A Ramírez-Espinosa

    Optics Letters
    |December 15, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary

    We theoretically and experimentally studied a two-photon quantum state entangled in orbital angular momentum (OAM) using helical Mathieu-Gauss (HMG) modes. The findings confirm a tunable superposition of Bell states, demonstrating quantum entanglement properties.

    More Related Videos

    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
    07:56

    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

    Published on: September 5, 2019

    8.9K
    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
    09:23

    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

    Published on: May 30, 2014

    14.9K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jan 8, 2026

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
    06:42

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

    Published on: June 8, 2018

    9.6K
    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
    07:56

    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

    Published on: September 5, 2019

    8.9K
    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
    09:23

    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

    Published on: May 30, 2014

    14.9K

    Area of Science:

    • Quantum optics
    • Quantum information science
    • Photon entanglement

    Background:

    • Orbital angular momentum (OAM) is a key quantum property for information encoding.
    • Helical Mathieu-Gauss (HMG) modes offer unique spatial structures for quantum states.
    • Spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) is a standard source for entangled photon pairs.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To theoretically and experimentally investigate a two-photon quantum state entangled in OAM.
    • To analyze the structure of the entangled state generated via SPDC using HMG modes.
    • To confirm the entanglement properties and tunability of the generated quantum state.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized type II spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) to generate entangled photon pairs.
    • Employed helical Mathieu-Gauss (HMG) modes to define the orbital angular momentum (OAM) states.
    • Performed theoretical analysis of the two-photon state superposition.
    • Experimentally measured joint probabilities and violated Bell-type inequalities.

    Main Results:

    • The generated two-photon state is a superposition of two symmetric Bell states.
    • The contribution of each Bell state is tunable via the eccentricity parameter of HMG modes.
    • Experimental measurements confirmed the predicted state composition and entanglement.
    • Violation of Bell-type inequalities demonstrated the non-classical nature of the state.

    Conclusions:

    • Successfully generated and characterized a tunable two-photon entangled state in OAM using HMG modes.
    • The study provides a complete theoretical and experimental validation of the quantum state.
    • This work offers a platform for advanced quantum communication and computation protocols.