Synergistic integration of hydrogels and cold plasma for biomedical applications and therapeutics

The synergistic integration of hydrogels (HGs) and cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) represents a transformative advancement in biomaterials and plasma medicine, opening new pathways for next-generation therapeutics. HGs, as highly hydrated and biocompatible polymer networks, function as versatile platforms for tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound management. CAP, a non-thermal ionized gas enriched with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), exhibits potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative effects. The convergence of HGs and CAP enables the development of dynamic, localized therapeutic systems that support controlled and stimuli-responsive treatment strategies. This review critically examines the fundamental physicochemical principles of HGs and CAP, elucidates their interactive mechanisms, and highlights integrated applications in wound healing, cancer therapy, and regenerative medicine. Key challenges, including standardization, safety considerations, and mechanistic understanding, are discussed, alongside future perspectives for clinical translation and personalized therapeutics. Overall, the plasma activated HGs (PAHGs) interface holds immense potential to revolutionize biomedical interventions, offering multifunctionality, adaptability, and precision in therapeutic delivery.