Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

459
Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel...
459
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

14.9K
Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
14.9K
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF01:24

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF

445
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab...
445
Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis01:20

Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis

2.9K
Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
2.9K
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids

408
Glucocorticoids, a class of anti-inflammatory drugs, are pivotal in treating moderate to severe Crohn's disease by inducing remission. They exhibit their anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and chemokines like IL-8. In addition, they reduce the expression of inflammatory cell adhesion molecules and inhibit gene transcription of nitric oxide synthase, phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-2...
408
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

1.7K
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
1.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same authorSame journal

Muscle Regeneration Failure May Lead to Clinical Features of Myopathy in Anti-IgLON5 Disease.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation·2026
Same author

A new Patient-Reported Outcome Scale to assess autoimmune Encephalitis: PROSE.

Annals of neurology·2026
Same author

Specific HLA-DRB1 Alleles Associate With Anti-Caspr1 and Anti-CNTN1 Autoantibodies in Autoimmune Nodopathies.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation·2026
Same author

[Stiff-person syndrome; the diagnostic challenges of a treatable condition].

Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde·2026
Same author

Clinical Manifestations, Tumor Associations, and Long-Term Outcomes of Anti-KLHL11 Encephalitis.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation·2026
Same author

Early Recognition of Treatment-Responsive Rapidly Progressive Dementia: The Modified STAM3<sup>m</sup>P Score.

Annals of clinical and translational neurology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Dynamic Imaging of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells with [18F]Tetrafluoroborate Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography
09:34

Dynamic Imaging of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells with [18F]Tetrafluoroborate Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography

Published on: February 17, 2022

3.7K

High Relapse Rate in Anti-CASPR2 Disease: Implications for Prolonged Immunotherapy.

Tessa Brand1, Suzanne Claudia Franken1, Marie R Vermeiren1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Neurology(R) Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation
|December 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Anti-contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) disease has a high relapse rate, with repeated rituximab courses being most effective for patients prone to relapse. Monitoring anti-VGKC-complex concentrations aids in tracking disease progression and relapses.

More Related Videos

Y-90 Radioembolization and PD-1 Inhibitor as Neoadjuvant Treatment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
09:11

Y-90 Radioembolization and PD-1 Inhibitor as Neoadjuvant Treatment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Published on: May 24, 2024

1.0K
Trans-vivo Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Assay for Antigen Specific Regulation
11:49

Trans-vivo Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Assay for Antigen Specific Regulation

Published on: May 2, 2013

16.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Dynamic Imaging of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells with [18F]Tetrafluoroborate Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography
09:34

Dynamic Imaging of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells with [18F]Tetrafluoroborate Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography

Published on: February 17, 2022

3.7K
Y-90 Radioembolization and PD-1 Inhibitor as Neoadjuvant Treatment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
09:11

Y-90 Radioembolization and PD-1 Inhibitor as Neoadjuvant Treatment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Published on: May 24, 2024

1.0K
Trans-vivo Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Assay for Antigen Specific Regulation
11:49

Trans-vivo Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Assay for Antigen Specific Regulation

Published on: May 2, 2013

16.6K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Anti-contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) disease, previously a subtype of anti-voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC-complex) encephalitis, is a newly identified neurological disorder.
  • Limited data exists on the long-term prognosis and relapse rates associated with CASPR2 disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate long-term clinical outcomes and identify factors contributing to higher relapse rates in anti-CASPR2 disease.
  • To compare the efficacy of different treatment strategies for managing CASPR2 disease and its relapses.

Main Methods:

  • A nationwide observational cohort study including 44 patients diagnosed with anti-CASPR2 disease.
  • Retrospective and prospective collection of clinical data at diagnosis and during follow-up, including anti-VGKC-complex concentrations and seizure occurrence.

Main Results:

  • Sixty percent of patients experienced at least one relapse, with new peripheral nervous system symptoms sometimes occurring.
  • Higher anti-VGKC-complex concentrations at diagnosis and increased seizure occurrence were associated with relapsing disease.
  • Repeated rituximab courses demonstrated significant effectiveness in preventing relapses (ARR 0.09) compared to other treatments.

Conclusions:

  • The relapse rate in anti-CASPR2 disease is significantly higher than previously understood.
  • For patients with recurrent relapses, repeated rituximab administration is the most effective strategy for long-term disease management.
  • Monitoring anti-VGKC-complex serum concentrations is valuable for assessing disease activity and guiding treatment adjustments, with repeat tumor screening recommended upon relapse.