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Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

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Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Generation of Organ-conditioned Media and Applications for Studying Organ-specific Influences on Breast Cancer Metastatic Behavior
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Inferring cancer type-specific patterns of metastatic spread using Metient.

Divya Koyyalagunta1,2, Karuna Ganesh3,4, Quaid Morris5,6

  • 1Tri-Institutional Graduate Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.

Nature Methods
|December 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Metient, a new computational tool, reconstructs cancer metastasis routes more effectively than prior methods. It reveals complex, multi-organ spread patterns, challenging existing cancer progression assumptions.

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Area of Science:

  • Computational Biology
  • Oncology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Cancer metastasis is a complex process with varied dissemination routes.
  • Current methods for reconstructing metastatic spread from tumor sequencing data are limited by scalability and biological assumptions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel computational method, Metient, for reconstructing metastatic dissemination pathways.
  • To overcome the limitations of existing methods in scalability and biological accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Metient employs gradient-based, multiobjective optimization to generate multiple metastatic spread hypotheses.
  • Hypotheses are rescored using independent genetic distance and organotropism data.
  • The method is applicable to both clinical sequencing data and preclinical lineage tracing.

Main Results:

  • Metient successfully identified distinct metastatic dissemination trends in melanoma, neuroblastoma, and non-small cell lung cancer.
  • Reconstructions align with expert analyses but also propose novel, plausible migration histories.
  • The study suggests more polyclonal seeding and metastasis-to-metastasis spread than previously reported.

Conclusions:

  • Metient provides a robust and versatile tool for analyzing cancer metastatic spread.
  • Findings challenge established assumptions about metastatic dissemination patterns.
  • The study offers new insights into cancer type-specific metastatic behaviors.