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Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Hybrid Printing for the Fabrication of Smart Sensors

Hybrid Printing for the Fabrication of Smart Sensors

Published on: January 31, 2019

Soft electronics based on particle engulfment printing.

Rongzhou Lin^1,2, Chengmei Jiang^3,4,5, Sippanat Achavananthadith³

¹School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.

Nature Electronics

|December 18, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new method to embed functional particles directly into soft polymers for stretchable electronics. This particle engulfment technique simplifies fabrication and enables advanced electronic device capabilities.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Polymer Science
Electronics Engineering

Background:

Stretchable electronics require integrating functional particles into soft polymer matrices.
Current fabrication methods involve liquid dispersions, posing challenges with material compatibility and fluid mechanics control.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel method for direct particle incorporation into soft polymers.
To overcome limitations of traditional fabrication techniques for stretchable electronic materials.

Main Methods:

Utilizing particle engulfment, where particles are spontaneously subsumed by the polymer matrix driven by surface energy.
Ensuring particle size is smaller than the polymer's elastocapillary length for stable embedding.
Fabricating multilayered, multimaterial elastic devices.

Main Results:

Demonstrated successful direct incorporation of functional particles into soft polymers.
Achieved energetically stable configurations with deeply embedded particles.
Fabricated functional devices with wireless sensing, communication, and power transfer capabilities.

Conclusions:

Particle engulfment offers a simplified and effective approach for fabricating advanced stretchable electronic materials.
This method broadens the possibilities for creating complex, integrated electronic devices with enhanced functionalities.