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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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Photoactivated antifungal polymers prepared by PET-RAFT polymerization.

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New photoactivated antifungal polymers combat fungal infections. These polymers, utilizing a zinc(ii)-tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) photosensitizer, show enhanced antifungal activity and excellent hemocompatibility.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Photochemistry
  • Antimicrobial Agents

Background:

  • Invasive fungal infections are a growing global health concern, demanding novel antifungal treatments.
  • Existing antifungal therapies face challenges with efficacy and resistance development.
  • There is a critical need for biocompatible and highly efficient antifungal platforms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a new class of photoactivated antifungal polymers.
  • To incorporate cationic, hydrophobic, and hydrophilic functionalities with a photosensitizer for enhanced antifungal activity.
  • To evaluate the biocompatibility and efficacy of these novel polymers against *Candida* species.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of acrylate-functionalized zinc(ii)-tetraphenylporphyrin (acryl-ZnTPP) monomer.
  • PET-RAFT polymerization using acryl-ZnTPP as both a photocatalyst and embedded photosensitizer.
  • Antifungal efficacy testing (MICs and MFCs) against *Candida* species under green or red-light irradiation.
  • Hemolysis assays to assess polymer hemocompatibility.

Main Results:

  • Polymers demonstrated tunable, light-enhanced antifungal activity.
  • Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were 4-8 fold lower compared to control polymers.
  • Minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) were up to 8 fold lower against *Candida* species.
  • Hemolysis assays confirmed excellent hemocompatibility of the polymers.

Conclusions:

  • Photoactivated antifungal polymers incorporating acryl-ZnTPP show significant promise for combating fungal infections.
  • The dual role of acryl-ZnTPP as a polymerization agent and photosensitizer offers a novel strategy.
  • This approach provides a tunable, light-enhanced, and biocompatible method for antifungal therapy.