[SOX5: A core transcription factor from development to multi-system disease regulation]

SOX5, as an important member of the SOX transcription factor family, is widely involved in various physiological and pathological processes. SOX5 regulates the expression of key genes involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, and development by interacting with specific DNA sequences through its HMG-box DNA-binding domain. SOX5 plays a critical role in cartilage development; it has a key regulatory effect on neuronal migration and differentiation in the nervous system; and it influences gonad development and spermatogenesis in the reproductive system. In terms of diseases, defects in SOX5 are closely associated with Lamb-Shaffer syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and respiratory system diseases. Furthermore, SOX5 plays a role in cancer progression by modulating various signaling pathways to promote or inhibit the proliferation and migration of different types of cancer cells. This review summarizes the physiological and pathological mechanisms of SOX5 in multiple systems and explores its potential as a therapeutic target for disease treatment.