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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Vincent Koppelmans1, Susanne G Mueller2,3, Marit F L Ruitenberg4,5

  • 1University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Myelin density decreases with Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression, particularly in deeper cortical layers. This study investigated myelin changes across different brain regions in cognitively unimpaired (CU), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD subjects.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurodegeneration
  • Myelin Imaging

Background:

  • Cortical and subcortical gray matter atrophy characterize neural degeneration in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • The extent to which this atrophy involves degeneration of myelinated dendrites remains largely unknown.
  • This study investigated myelin density differences across cortical depths in cognitively unimpaired (CU), MCI, and AD subjects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess differences in myelin density at varying cortical depths among CU, MCI, and AD individuals.
  • To explore the relationship between myelin degeneration and cognitive status.

Main Methods:

  • MP2RAGE MR imaging (1mm isotropic resolution) was performed on 71 CU, 51 MCI, and 42 AD subjects.
  • Myelin values were calculated using the ratio of MP2RAGE images and T1 relaxation maps, projected to cortical depths (25%, 50%, 75%).
  • Statistical analyses employed FMRIB Software Library's Permutation Analysis of Linear Models with FDR correction for group differences.

Main Results:

  • At 25% cortical depth, myelin density was lower in CU compared to MCI subjects in the left hemisphere.
  • At 25% and 50% depths, myelin density was lower in CU compared to AD subjects across most brain regions.
  • At 75% depth, myelin density showed a trend of CU > MCI > AD in specific regions, though not all results survived correction.

Conclusions:

  • Myelin appears most affected in deeper cortical layers, with progression observed from MCI to AD.
  • Findings suggest potential compensatory remyelination in late-stage AD or disproportional atrophy of superficial layers.
  • MP2RAGE-derived cortical maps may reflect microstructural changes beyond just myeloarchitecture.