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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Hanzhang Lu1

  • 1Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

MRI biomarkers show promise for detecting vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). Key measures like cerebral blood flow, oxygen extraction fraction, and cerebrovascular reactivity offer new diagnostic tools for VCID.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurology
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is crucial for assessing cerebrovascular function.
  • MRI offers potential for developing biomarkers for vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in MRI-based biomarkers for cerebrovascular physiology.
  • To explore the potential role of these biomarkers in diagnosing and understanding VCID.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of three key MRI-measured cerebrovascular parameters: cerebral blood flow (CBF), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR).
  • Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is measured using non-contrast arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI.
  • Oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) are assessed to understand oxygen supply/demand balance and vascular function, respectively.

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Main Results:

  • CBF is globally reduced in VCID, unlike in Alzheimer's dementia where it's linked to neural activity.
  • Elevated OEF in VCID correlates with vascular risk factors and progresses longitudinally.
  • Diminished CVR is strongly associated with cognitive scores (MoCA) and executive function, independent of Alzheimer's pathology.

Conclusions:

  • MRI-based cerebrovascular measures show significant potential as biomarkers for cognitive impairment.
  • These biomarkers are particularly valuable for VCID, where diagnostic options are limited.