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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Erpeng Dai1, Martin K Schneider1, Xuetong Zhou1

  • 1Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new multi-dimensional diffusion encoding (MDE) MRI protocol for detailed brain microstructure mapping. The developed 1.8 mm isotropic MDE protocol shows excellent scan-rescan reproducibility, crucial for neurodegeneration research.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Biophysics
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Diffusion MRI is vital for detecting neurodegeneration but traditional DTI lacks specificity.
  • Multi-dimensional diffusion encoding (MDE) offers improved specificity but often suffers from low resolution and SNR.
  • Existing MDE methods struggle to achieve high resolution within clinically feasible scan times.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel MDE MRI protocol with 1.8 mm isotropic resolution and clinically feasible scan time.
  • To optimize MDE waveform design and employ an SNR-efficient readout for enhanced brain microstructure mapping.
  • To evaluate the scan-rescan reproducibility of the developed MDE protocol for neurodegeneration studies.

Main Methods:

  • A customized MDE sequence was created using linear and spherical tensor-valued diffusion encoding (LTE and STE).
  • An SNR-efficient multi-band multi-shot EPI sequence was utilized for data acquisition.
  • Scan-rescan reproducibility was assessed in three elderly subjects across global white/gray matter and specific white matter tracts.

Main Results:

  • High-quality quantitative diffusion metric maps (MD, μFA, MKa, MKi) were successfully generated.
  • Excellent scan-rescan reproducibility was demonstrated with high Pearson correlation coefficients (r=0.951-0.995).
  • The protocol achieved 1.8 mm isotropic resolution within a ~13-minute scan time.

Conclusions:

  • A novel MDE MRI protocol with 1.8 mm isotropic resolution has been successfully developed.
  • The protocol exhibits high scan-rescan reproducibility, making it suitable for clinical neurodegeneration research.
  • This advancement facilitates more specific mapping of brain microstructure changes in critical regions like the medial temporal lobe.