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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Fei Wu1,2, Caroline Dallaire-Théroux1, Élodie Michaud1

  • 1Laval University Medical School, Québec, QC, Canada.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retinal imaging biomarkers, like optical coherence tomography (OCT), show promise for diagnosing neurodegenerative diseases. Specific retinal metrics correlate with brain changes, potentially aiding early Alzheimer's disease detection.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Shared embryological origins link retinal and brain tissues, making them susceptible to similar neurodegenerative disease patterns.
  • Non-invasive retinal imaging, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and OCT-Angiography (OCT-A), are explored as potential Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers.
  • Correlations between OCT/OCT-A findings and neuroimaging (MRI) require further investigation across various neurodegenerative disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and analyze correlations between OCT/OCT-A parameters and MRI findings in neurodegenerative diseases.
  • To identify specific retinal biomarkers indicative of brain changes in conditions associated with cognitive decline.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across Medline, Embase, and other databases from January to June 2023.
  • Keywords combined neurodegenerative conditions with OCT/OCT-A parameters.
  • Screened 2962 citations, with 93 full-text articles reviewed, leading to the inclusion of 28 studies.

Main Results:

  • For non-vascular neurodegenerative diseases, layer-specific retinal metrics (e.g., retinal nerve fiber layer thinning) and region-specific parameters (e.g., foveal thickness) correlated with brain MRI changes.
  • Vascular retinal biomarkers (e.g., reduced vessel/perfusion densities) uniquely reflect cerebrovascular lesions in vascular cognitive impairment.
  • Both retinal biomarker types can indicate global brain atrophy; microstructural brain alterations correlate with retinal nerve fiber layer thinning.

Conclusions:

  • Layer/region-specific retinal markers are suitable for non-vascular dementias, while vascular markers better reflect vascular neurodegeneration.
  • Methodological heterogeneity and complex interactions between degenerative mechanisms present challenges for future research.
  • Understanding retinal-brain lesion associations could enable clinical use of retinal biomarkers for early neurodegenerative disease diagnosis.