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Clinical Manifestations.

Sofía A Rodriguez-Araña1,2, Diana Carolina Oviedo1,2,3, Adam E Tratner4

  • 1Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Santa María la Antigua (USMA), Panamá, Panamá, Panama.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive reserve (CR) may buffer against cognitive decline linked to neuroinflammation in older adults. Enhancing CR through education and occupation could mitigate disability in developing nations.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Neuroscience
  • Biomarkers and Disease Pathology

Background:

  • Neurodegeneration is associated with cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs), impacting daily function and cognitive health in older adults.
  • Blood biomarkers can indicate neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular issues, while cognitive reserve (CR) offers a protective buffer against cognitive decline.
  • Access to experiences that build CR, like education and complex occupations, is limited in developing countries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between cognitive reserve (CR) and specific blood-based biomarkers (interleukin-18, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, pancreatic polypeptide) in relation to cognition.
  • To explore potential mediating roles of CR in the association between biomarkers and cognitive function.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional analysis of two samples (N=429) from the Panama Aging Research Initiative-Health Disparities study (PARI-HD), including dementia-free adults aged ≥65.
  • Global cognition assessed via Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE); CR calculated using a composite score of education, occupational complexity, and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL).

Main Results:

  • Significant sex and cohort differences observed; men generally older with more complex occupations and higher IL18/PPP levels.
  • Cohort 1 participants were older, less educated, less independent, and had higher levels of IL18, PPP, sVCAM1, and sICAM1 compared to Cohort 2.
  • Mediation analyses confirmed that CR mediates the effect of sVCAM1 and sICAM1 on global cognition, adjusting for age, sex, and cohort.

Conclusions:

  • A significant association exists between neuroinflammatory biomarkers, CR, and cognitive function in older adults.
  • Public health policies aimed at enhancing CR could potentially reduce neuroinflammation-related disabilities in developing countries like Panama.