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Clinical Manifestations.

Arkansh Sharma1, Oorvi Gupta2, Victor Ghosh3

  • 1Government Medical College, Omandurar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This meta-analysis found apathy, irritability, and depression/dysphoria to be the most prevalent NPS, highlighting their significant impact on AD progression and patient care.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are a core feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • These symptoms are frequently under-recognized, impacting disease progression and patient outcomes.
  • Understanding the prevalence of NPS is crucial for effective care strategies in AD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a meta-analysis to determine the prevalence of various neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease.
  • To identify the most common NPS and their association with AD.
  • To synthesize existing research on NPS in AD through a systematic literature review.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search across major databases (PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Ovid, Web of Science) up to January 19, 2025.
  • Inclusion of original research with cross-sectional or longitudinal designs in probable or possible AD patients.
  • Meta-analysis using the inverse variance method for proportion and odds ratio analyses, with random effects models and heterogeneity assessment (I²).

Main Results:

  • Analysis of 400 studies (3,189,267 observations) revealed the highest prevalence for apathy (0.4748), irritability (0.4120), and depression/dysphoria (0.3802).
  • Substantial heterogeneity was observed across studies (I² = 99.9%).
  • Analysis of 125 studies (266,938 observations) for odds ratios showed aberrant motor behavior (OR=12.90) as the most associated symptom, though none were statistically significant individually.

Conclusions:

  • Apathy, irritability, and depression/dysphoria are the most prevalent neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease.
  • Significant heterogeneity exists across studies investigating NPS in AD.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the associations between specific NPS and AD, considering the observed heterogeneity.