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Clinical Manifestations.

Marco Calabria1, María Sainz-Pardo2, Mireia Hernández3

  • 1Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bilinguals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) show increased naming difficulties, especially with low-frequency words. This effect worsens with disease severity, regardless of bilingual type.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Bilingualism impacts speech production, particularly for low-frequency words in healthy individuals.
  • Research on bilinguals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is limited.
  • This study examines Catalan-Spanish bilinguals with MCI and AD, comparing active and passive bilinguals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the effect of bilingualism on word naming in MCI and AD.
  • Analyze naming latency and accuracy based on word frequency and phonological overlap.
  • Compare naming performance between active and passive bilinguals.

Main Methods:

  • 124 MCI patients, 66 AD patients, and 58 healthy adults participated.
  • Participants were classified as active (high proficiency) or passive (low proficiency) Catalan-Spanish bilinguals.
  • A picture-naming task with varying word frequencies and cognate status was employed.

Main Results:

  • Naming latency significantly increased from healthy adults to MCI, and further to AD.
  • Accuracy decreased significantly from healthy adults to MCI, and further to AD.
  • The type of bilingualism (active vs. passive) did not influence the frequency effect.

Conclusions:

  • Findings challenge existing models of bilingual language production in clinical populations.
  • Passive bilinguals' regular second language exposure may alter cognitive/linguistic processing.
  • Further research is needed to understand the influence of language context in bilinguals with cognitive decline.