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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Hanzhang Lu1

  • 1Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Brain fluid exchange is vital for function, and its disruption is linked to Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). New MRI techniques can now assess blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and glymphatic function, offering insights into ADRD pathogenesis.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Neurofluid exchange is crucial for brain health; disruptions are implicated in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD).
  • Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) are a clinical manifestation associated with ADRD.
  • Assessing neurofluid dynamics is key to understanding neurodegenerative disease mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss advances in non-contrast MRI for evaluating neurofluid exchange at multiple brain interfaces.
  • To explore the application of these MRI techniques in the context of ADRD and ARIA.
  • To highlight the potential of MRI in assessing blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, arterial integrity, and glymphatic function.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing non-contrast MRI to image blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability to water.

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  • Employing MRI to assess arterial vessel integrity as a marker for microbleed and ARIA risk.
  • Measuring water exchange between interstitial fluid (ISF) and perivascular space (PVS) using MRI to evaluate glymphatic function.

    • Main Results:

    • Elevated BBB permeability to water was observed in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, correlating with CSF biomarkers and cognitive scores.
    • Animal models confirmed increased BBB permeability in Alzheimer's disease (AD) models, reversible with treatment.
    • Long echo-time Arterial Spin-Labeling (ASL) MRI shows potential for identifying ARIA risks and assessing glymphatic function.

    Conclusions:

    • Advanced MRI techniques enable the assessment of neurofluid exchange across critical brain interfaces.
    • These MRI methods offer valuable insights into the role of neurofluid dynamics in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis.
    • Non-contrast MRI holds promise for early detection and monitoring of conditions like ADRD and ARIA.