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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Paul Edison1

  • 1Division of Neurology, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, United Kingdom, London, London, United Kingdom.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microglia exhibit both protective and harmful phenotypes in Alzheimer's disease (AD), varying by brain region and disease stage. Modulating these microglial responses could offer new therapeutic strategies for AD.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Neuropathology

Background:

  • Microglia, the brain's immune cells, can adopt proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory roles.
  • The specific roles of these microglial phenotypes across the Alzheimer's disease (AD) spectrum remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate regional variations in microglial activation at different stages of AD.
  • To determine the impact of microglial responses on brain structure (grey matter volume, mean diffusivity) and cognitive function throughout AD progression.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Positron Emission Tomography (PET) with TSPO tracers, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and neuropsychometric assessments in 48 participants (AD, mild cognitive impairment, healthy controls).
  • Performed voxel-based morphometry and analyzed postmortem brain tissue for microglial markers (CD32a, CD163).

Main Results:

  • Found associations between microglial activation markers and grey matter volume/mean diffusivity.
  • Confirmed the presence of both pro- and anti-inflammatory microglial phenotypes in postmortem AD brains.
  • Higher microglial activation in temporal lobes correlated with reduced hippocampal volume and poorer cognitive performance.

Conclusions:

  • Microglial phenotypes in AD are complex, being region-specific, individual-dependent, and stage-specific.
  • Targeting microglial functions to enhance anti-inflammatory and suppress pro-inflammatory activities presents a potential therapeutic avenue for AD.