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Related Concept Videos

Spermatogenesis01:41

Spermatogenesis

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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Comprehensive Assessment of Germline Chemical Toxicity Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
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Atrazine Induces Reproductive Toxicity in an In Vitro Spermatogenesis (IVS) Model.

Monsikan Chaiyakit1, Rangsun Parnpai1, In K Cho2,3

  • 1Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.

Biomedicines
|December 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Atrazine (ATZ) herbicide impacts human spermatogenesis differently based on genetic background, affecting cell differentiation and apoptosis in an in vitro model. This study reveals ATZ

Keywords:
Huntington’s diseaseNrf2 signaling pathwayatrazinehuman induced pluripotent stem cellsin vitro spermatogenesisoxidative stressreproductive toxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive toxicology and stem cell biology.
  • Investigating herbicide effects on human spermatogenesis using advanced in vitro models.

Background:

  • Atrazine (ATZ) is a widely used herbicide linked to male reproductive dysfunction via redox homeostasis disruption.
  • Molecular mechanisms of ATZ toxicity in human spermatogenic cells are poorly understood.
  • Huntington's disease (HD) models exhibit heightened oxidative stress, potentially exacerbating reproductive issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of ATZ on human spermatogenesis in an in vitro spermatogenesis (IVS) model.
  • To analyze ATZ's impact on Nrf2-mediated oxidative responses and apoptosis during spermatogonial stem cell-like cell (SSCLC) differentiation.
  • To compare ATZ effects in wild-type (WT) and Huntington's disease (HD) human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized WT and HD hiPSC lines (carrying 44 and 180 CAG repeats) exposed to ATZ (0-10 μM) for 30 days.
  • Differentiated hiPSCs into SSCLCs for 15 days under continuous ATZ exposure.
  • Assessed gene and protein expression related to pluripotency, oxidative stress, cell cycle, apoptosis, and spermatogenesis via immunocytochemistry and qRT-PCR.

Main Results:

  • ATZ exposure affected hiPSC pluripotency and SSCLC differentiation in a cell line- and dose-dependent manner.
  • WT cells showed differentiation suppression; HD1 cells exhibited increased apoptosis and impaired maturation at higher ATZ doses.
  • HD2 cells displayed robust Nrf2 antioxidant responses but differentiation was disrupted by excessive oxidative/proliferative signaling at high ATZ concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • ATZ exerts dose- and genotype-dependent effects on IVS, modulating oxidative stress and apoptosis.
  • Findings highlight the interplay of Nrf2 antioxidant defenses, apoptotic signaling, and genetic background in ATZ reproductive toxicity.
  • Provides mechanistic insights into ATZ-induced reproductive toxicity using a human-relevant in vitro spermatogenesis model.