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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

3.0K
The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb
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OpenCap vs. LESS: Sport-Specific Profiling of Dynamic Knee Valgus.

Ji-Hoon Cho1, Seung-Taek Lim2,3, An-Sik Heo1

  • 1Department of Sports Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|December 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hamstring muscle activity during landing is linked to knee alignment, with higher activity potentially reducing knee valgus. Integrating the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) with 3D motion analysis offers valuable insights into biomechanics.

Keywords:
EMGLanding Error Scoring Systemanterior cruciate ligamentbiomechanicsdynamic knee valgusmarkerless 3D

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Movement Analysis

Background:

  • Knee valgus during landing is a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries.
  • Understanding the neuromuscular control of knee valgus is crucial for injury prevention strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS), markerless 3D motion capture (OpenCap) of knee valgus, and hamstring/quadriceps muscle activity (EMG).
  • To identify predictors of knee valgus during a drop-landing task.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-two healthy male university students performed a drop-landing task.
  • Video analysis using the LESS, markerless 3D motion capture (OpenCap) for knee valgus, and surface EMG for rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) were employed.
  • EMG data were normalized to peak dynamic activity.

Main Results:

  • The LESS demonstrated a significant negative association with left knee valgus.
  • Bilateral biceps femoris (BF) muscle activity during the acceleration phase predicted knee valgus.
  • Athletes showed reduced rectus femoris (RF) activity during deceleration and less left-side knee valgus compared to non-athletes.

Conclusions:

  • Hamstring muscle activation during the transition phase of landing is associated with knee alignment.
  • Integrating LESS with markerless 3D motion capture provides complementary biomechanical data.
  • Further research is needed to generalize findings due to sample size disparities between athletes and non-athletes.