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Memory in Psychiatric Disorders: A Review.

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  • 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy.

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Summary

Memory dysfunction is a common factor across psychiatric disorders, particularly affecting working and episodic memory. These impairments, linked to brain connectivity issues, highlight memory problems as a transdiagnostic dimension needing further study.

Keywords:
autobiographical memoryepisodic memorymemorymemory dysfunctionpsychiatric disorderstargeted interventionsworking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Memory dysfunction is a key feature across various psychiatric disorders.
  • Understanding these memory deficits is crucial for a transdiagnostic approach to mental health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize neurobiological, cognitive, and clinical evidence on memory impairments in mood, anxiety, OCD, PTSD, and psychotic disorders.
  • To identify transdiagnostic patterns and disorder-specific memory profiles.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to November 2025.
  • Analysis of studies on short-term, working, long-term, episodic, semantic, and prospective memory.
  • Integration of neurobiological, cognitive, and clinical findings.

Main Results:

  • Consistent impairments in working-memory control and reduced episodic/autobiographical specificity were observed across disorders.
  • Procedural memory was relatively preserved.
  • Disorder-specific profiles identified, e.g., overgeneral autobiographical memory in depression, deficits in schizophrenia.

Conclusions:

  • Memory dysfunction is a transdiagnostic dimension in psychiatric disorders, implicating fronto-hippocampal dysconnectivity and impaired consolidation.
  • Findings support a dimensional view of memory deficits across conditions.
  • Further mechanistic and longitudinal research is warranted.