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UCI Sports Nutrition Project: Special Environments.

Stephen Cheung1, Trent Stellingwerff2,3, Jamie Stanley4,5,6

  • 1Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
|December 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Elite cyclists face performance challenges in extreme environments like heat and altitude. This review offers evidence-based nutrition and hydration strategies to optimize performance and adaptation in these conditions.

Keywords:
altitude trainingcoldheat stresshydrationnutrition strategies

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Environmental Physiology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Elite cyclists train in extreme environments (heat, cold, altitude), increasingly common due to climate change.
  • Altitude and heat training enhance performance and acclimatization, but increase physiological stress, impacting energy and carbohydrate metabolism.
  • Understanding these environmental impacts is crucial for optimizing athletic performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) consensus on nutrition for cycling in extreme environments.
  • To explore tailored nutrition and hydration strategies to mitigate the effects of heat, cold, and altitude on cyclists.
  • To offer evidence-based recommendations for optimizing performance and adaptation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on environmental stressors and their physiological effects on cyclists.
  • Examination of hydration, energy expenditure, and metabolic responses to heat, cold, and altitude.
  • Analysis of macro- and micronutrient considerations, fluid balance, and supplementation strategies.

Main Results:

  • Extreme environments increase physiological stress, altering energy and carbohydrate oxidation rates.
  • Heat, cold, and altitude significantly affect hydration status, energy expenditure, and metabolism in cyclists.
  • Tailored nutrition and hydration strategies are essential for managing these effects.

Conclusions:

  • Evidence-based nutrition and fluid recommendations are provided for optimizing cycling performance in extreme conditions.
  • Practical guidance on pre-, during-, and post-exercise nutrition and hydration is offered.
  • Strategies support adaptation to environmental stresses, helping cyclists maintain peak performance.