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Some researchers suggest that altruism operates on empathy. Empathy is the capacity to understand another person’s perspective, to feel what he or she feels. An empathetic person makes an emotional connection with others and feels compelled to help (Batson, 1991). Empathy can be expressed in several ways, including cognitive, affective, and motor. 
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Empathy AI in healthcare.

Karishma Muthukumar1

  • 1University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Psychology
|January 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

AI chatbots like ChatGPT and Claude were rated more empathetic than human healthcare professionals. Longer, action-oriented AI responses with social support were perceived as more compassionate, suggesting potential for AI in healthcare.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Informatics
  • Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in healthcare for patient concerns.
  • Evaluating AI's empathetic capabilities is crucial for safe and effective integration.
  • Generative AI's impact on patient care and empathy requires thorough investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and utilize a tool, the Chatbot Compassion Quotient (CCQ), to evaluate AI empathy.
  • To compare the empathetic qualities of AI-generated responses (ChatGPT, Claude) against human healthcare professionals.
  • To explore participant perception of AI versus human responses in simulated healthcare scenarios.

Main Methods:

  • Developed nine prompts based on psychological literature to assess compassion in various healthcare contexts.
Keywords:
AI in healthcareAI in medicineEmpathychatbot evaluationconversational AIempathic AIhuman-machine interaction

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  • Collected responses from ChatGPT, Claude, and human healthcare professionals for each prompt.
  • Thirty participants rated responses on a 5-point Likert scale for compassion and identified AI-generated responses.

    • Main Results:

    • AI responses from ChatGPT (4.1/5) and Claude (4.1/5) were rated significantly more compassionate than human responses (2.6/5).
    • Response length was a factor, with longer AI outputs perceived as more empathetic.
    • Action-oriented AI responses demonstrating social support scored highly for compassion.

    Conclusions:

    • AI demonstrates significant potential for empathetic communication in healthcare settings.
    • Human-machine synergy can help alleviate healthcare professional burnout and improve patient-centered care.
    • Further research is needed to refine AI empathy evaluation and enhance its application in digital health.