Bimodal Mechanoluminescence Enables Multicolor Luminescent Tailing for Ultra-Accurate Loading Speed Visualization and...

Mechanoluminescence (ML) is an emerging sensing technology capable of converting mechanical stimuli into light, eliminating the need for external power supplies or complex circuitry. The integration of mechanically induced visible spatial mapping from ML sensors with image analysis algorithms provides a powerful platform for dynamic mechanical performance evaluation. In this study, we developed MgF₂ phosphors through a solid-state sintering method, integrating exhibiting instantaneous blue ML and persistent orange ML without doping ions. MgF₂ displays a unique speed-dependent ML color distribution, producing a single blue emission under slow sliding and multicolor emission (blue at the contact point and orange in the trailing region) under fast sliding. The loading speed can be vividly visualized through variations in ML intensity and color distribution. Moreover, we manage to preliminarily evaluate the ML lifetime by analyzing luminescent trailing during fast sliding, thereby tackling a long-standing challenge in ML lifetime characterization. Additionally, integrating a machine learning algorithm with ML images captured from MgF₂ phosphors enables real-time bearing speed detection with an accuracy of 100%. This work presents a novel strategy for ultra-accurate loading speed detection and visualization via bimodal ML, underscoring its strong potential to advance ML-based technologies for dynamic mechanical sensing.