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Shear Wave Anisotropic Imaging for Pennate Muscle Assessment Using a Tilted Supersonic Push with Elliptical

Guo-Xuan Xu, Chien Chen, Chih-Chung Huang

    IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering
    |January 6, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new tilted supersonic push (TSP) method accurately assesses muscle anisotropy without probe rotation. This technique simplifies measurements in pennate muscles, aiding in diagnosing musculoskeletal disorders.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomechanics
    • Medical Imaging
    • Musculoskeletal Science

    Background:

    • Accurate muscle anisotropy assessment is vital for understanding muscle mechanics and diagnosing pathologies.
    • Shear wave (SW) elastography faces challenges with pennate muscles' complex fiber orientations.
    • Current methods like probe rotation are clinically impractical.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce and validate a novel Tilted Supersonic Push (TSP) method for muscle anisotropy assessment.
    • To enable multi-angle shear wave generation within a single scan plane, eliminating the need for probe rotation.
    • To provide a clinically viable solution for accurate shear wave velocity (SWV) measurements in pennate muscles.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a Tilted Supersonic Push (TSP) technique utilizing elliptical analytical inversion.
    • Generated multi-angle shear waves (0°-15°) in a single scan plane.
    • Validated the TSP method through ex vivo porcine muscle and in vivo human gastrocnemius muscle studies.

    Main Results:

    • The TSP method accurately measured SWVs in porcine muscles with a 25° pennate angle (longitudinal 3.33 m/s, transverse 2.15 m/s).
    • In vivo human gastrocnemius measurements showed accurate SWVs in relaxed (2.55 m/s, 1.21 m/s) and stretched (4.07 m/s, 1.70 m/s) states.
    • Results demonstrated consistency with traditional methods and captured dynamic muscle stiffness changes.

    Conclusions:

    • The TSP method offers a robust and clinically practical approach for comprehensive muscle anisotropy assessment.
    • This technique is particularly beneficial for complex pennate muscles, simplifying measurements.
    • The TSP method has the potential to improve the diagnosis and management of musculoskeletal disorders.