Unraveling the microbial landscape in prostate cancer: pathogenesis to therapy

Emerging evidence suggests a role of microbiota in prostate cancer, yet this association remains poorly understood. This review systematically examines microbes from the skin, oral cavity, gut, urinary tract, and the prostate cancer microenvironment, summarizing how these communities affect prostate cancer initiation, progression, and therapeutic response. We highlight key molecular pathways and metabolic reprogramming events underlying host-microbiota interactions and outline current findings and knowledge gaps to guide microorganism-based therapeutic strategies.