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Electromagnetic (EM)-Driven Functional Materials.

Jay Sim1, Lu Lu1, Ruike Renee Zhao1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|January 7, 2026

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electromagnetic fields enable versatile functional materials for actuation, sensing, and wireless power. This review explores EM-active systems, guiding the development of next-generation intelligent materials and devices.

Keywords:
Lorentz forceelectromagnetic actuationinduction heatingsoft roboticsstimuli‐responsive materials

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physics
  • Engineering

Background:

  • Electromagnetic (EM) fields are integral to technologies like communication and imaging.
  • Recent advancements focus on using EM fields for actuating functional materials in soft robotics, biomedical devices, and metamaterials.
  • EM fields offer diverse actuation mechanisms, including magnetic forces, Lorentz forces, and thermal effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of EM-active material systems.
  • To systematically review progress in EM-based actuation, sensing, communication, and wireless power transfer.
  • To establish a roadmap for developing next-generation EM-enabled intelligent materials and devices.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic organization of recent research on EM-based actuation, sensing, communication, and power transfer.
  • Highlighting fundamental principles, experimental demonstrations, and design strategies.
  • Discussing integrated EM-driven functionalities and the role of optimization and machine learning.

    • Main Results:

    • EM fields provide a powerful and integrative stimulus for multifunctional materials.
    • Diverse EM-based mechanisms enable versatile material responses.
    • Integration of multiple EM-driven functionalities is a key emerging trend.

    Conclusions:

    • EM-active materials offer significant potential across various applications.
    • Further research integrating multiple EM functionalities and utilizing AI can accelerate development.
    • This review consolidates advances, paving the way for future innovations in intelligent materials.