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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System01:11

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System

The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
The receptor level:
The receptor level is the first stage of sensation. It involves the detection of a stimulus by specialized sensory receptors. The stimulus must arrive within the receptor's receptive field. Next, the receptor converts the energy of the stimulus...
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Sensory Modalities01:15

Sensory Modalities

Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and transmit this information to the central nervous system for processing.
General senses refer to the broad category of sensory information detected by receptors in the body and can be further grouped into somatic and visceral senses. Somatic sensations include touch, pressure, temperature, and pain and are essential for navigating our environment and...
Surface Tension and Surface Energy01:16

Surface Tension and Surface Energy

When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
Consider a beaker filled with liquid. The bulk molecules in the liquid experience equal attractive forces on all sides with the surrounding molecules. However, the surface molecules experience a net attractive force downward due to the bulk molecules. The surface of the liquid behaves like a stretched membrane,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Tactile Semiautomatic Passive-Finger Angle Stimulator (TSPAS)
04:40

Tactile Semiautomatic Passive-Finger Angle Stimulator (TSPAS)

Published on: July 30, 2020

Spatiotemporal modulation of surface texture for information encoding and object manipulation.

Xiao Yang1, Jay Sim1, Ruike Renee Zhao2

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.

Nature Communications
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel photothermal-actuated liquid crystal elastomer bilayer for dynamic surface texture control. This technology enables programmable, reversible wrinkling for applications like object manipulation and material assembly.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Tactile Semiautomatic Passive-Finger Angle Stimulator (TSPAS)
04:40

Tactile Semiautomatic Passive-Finger Angle Stimulator (TSPAS)

Published on: July 30, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Soft Robotics
  • Surface Engineering

Background:

  • Dynamically tunable surface textures are crucial for advanced applications like adaptive optics and soft robotics.
  • Achieving programmable, reversible, and spatiotemporal control over surface textures presents a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel photothermal-actuated liquid crystal elastomer bilayer system.
  • To demonstrate reversible, on-demand spatiotemporal modulation of surface textures via dynamic wrinkles.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a liquid crystal elastomer bilayer actuated by photothermal effects.
  • Employed direct laser writing and projected light fields to generate programmable wrinkle patterns.
  • Integrated thermally reversible dynamic bonding for material assembly and cargo transport.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated programmable and self-erasable wrinkle patterns for dynamic information encoding.
  • Demonstrated spatiotemporal wrinkling for object manipulation, including uphill transport and path navigation.
  • Enabled assembly and disassembly of dynamic polymers and cargo transportation through coupled wrinkle-driven motion and dynamic bonding.

Conclusions:

  • Spatiotemporally programmable wrinkling is a powerful mechanism for dynamic surface texture modulation.
  • The developed bilayer platform offers a versatile solution for multifunctional and reconfigurable smart surfaces.
  • This technology opens new avenues for advanced robotics, adaptive materials, and dynamic information display.