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Introduction to Functional Groups

Introduction to Functional Groups

Functional groups are group of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups are found along the carbon backbone of macromolecules can form chains or rings of carbon atoms. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of common functional groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry....

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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Published on: September 5, 2014

Azine-linked covalent organic frameworks: recent developments in synthesis and functional applications.

Saira Manzoor^1,2, Muhammad Adnan Younis^1,2, Yanling Yao³

¹International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China. frank-ling@outlook.com.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)

|January 7, 2026

Summary

Azine-linked covalent organic frameworks (COFs) offer superior stability and tunable properties. This review explores their design, synthesis, and applications in areas like CO2 capture and pollutant degradation.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Supramolecular Chemistry
Nanotechnology

Background:

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline porous materials built from light elements via dynamic covalent bonds.
Azine-linked COFs, formed from aldehydes and hydrazines, exhibit enhanced chemical robustness and hydrolytic stability over imine-based COFs.
These materials possess ordered pores, high surface area, and tunable chemistry, making them suitable for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in azine-linked COFs.
To highlight design strategies, synthesis methods, and structural features.
To discuss their emerging applications and future perspectives.

Main Methods:

Literature review of azine-linked COF research.
Analysis of synthetic approaches and characterization techniques.
Compilation of application data in CO2 capture, hydrogen evolution, and pollutant degradation.

Main Results:

Azine linkages provide superior stability and π-conjugation compared to imine linkages.
Well-defined porosity and high surface area are consistently observed in azine-linked COFs.
Emerging applications demonstrate significant potential in environmental remediation and energy conversion.

Conclusions:

Azine-linked COFs represent a versatile platform for developing sustainable functional materials.
Continued research into their design and synthesis will unlock further applications.
Addressing current limitations is key to realizing their full potential.