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Tracking Microbial Contamination in Retail Environments Using Fluorescent Powder - A Retail Delicatessen Environment Example
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Microbial Contamination Risks From Adjacent and Nearby Land: Evidence and Implications for Produce Safety.

Tuan Le1, Joseph D Eifert1, Laura K Strawn1

  • 1Department of Food Science and Technology (0924), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.

Journal of Food Science
|January 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Off-farm sources like natural ecosystems and agricultural activities can contaminate fresh produce. Understanding these environmental contamination pathways is crucial for improving produce safety and risk management.

Keywords:
adjacent landcross‐contaminationhuman activitiesproduce safetyrisk rankingwild animals

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Area of Science:

  • Food Safety
  • Environmental Microbiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Rising consumer demand for fresh produce necessitates robust safety measures.
  • Fresh produce, often consumed raw, poses a risk for pathogen transmission if contaminated.
  • Off-farm sources on adjacent lands are increasingly recognized as contributors to produce contamination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore microbial contamination sources from adjacent and nearby lands.
  • To understand the complex interactions between environmental factors and farming practices.
  • To propose a risk ranking model for produce safety.

Main Methods:

  • Review of evidence on off-farm contamination sources.
  • Analysis of environmental pathways influenced by meteorological drivers and human activities.
  • Development of a risk ranking model for produce safety.

Main Results:

  • Identified diverse off-farm sources including natural ecosystems, agricultural, residential, industrial, and recreational activities.
  • Highlighted pathways for pathogen transmission influenced by weather and human/animal intrusion.
  • Established the complex interplay between adjacent land inputs and farm practices.

Conclusions:

  • Off-farm sources significantly impact produce safety.
  • A comprehensive understanding of these interactions is vital for effective risk assessment.
  • The proposed risk model offers a basis for future produce safety management strategies.