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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Technical Approach for Infrared Tracking for Soft Tissue Navigation with a Holographic Head-Mounted Display and Preclinical Validation
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Assessment of Augmented Reality Glasses for Spatial Tracking and Intraoperative Annotation in Veterinary Surgery.

Yash Tipirneni1, Andrew Blandino2, Boaz Arzi3

  • 1University of California - Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Davis, CA, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|January 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Augmented reality (AR) glasses enhance surgical precision by improving spatial tracking accuracy for veterinary professionals. This technology aids in distance and area measurements, supporting complex procedures.

Keywords:
3D hologramaugmented realityhand-tracking softwareintraoperative navigationmedical technology

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary medicine
  • Surgical technology
  • Medical simulation

Background:

  • Augmented reality (AR) glasses offer potential for improving surgical precision through holographic overlays.
  • Evaluating the feasibility of AR for enhancing spatial tracking in veterinary procedures is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility of AR technology for improving spatial tracking in veterinary medicine.
  • To compare the accuracy and efficiency of AR-guided spatial annotations versus traditional methods.

Main Methods:

  • An AR application was developed using Unity for XReal glasses, displaying a 3D dog head hologram.
  • Veterinarians performed distance and area annotations under direct AR visualization and transfer (screen-based) conditions.
  • Distance errors, area coverage, and task completion times were recorded.

Main Results:

  • Direct AR visualization significantly reduced mean distance errors (2.73 mm vs. 3.42 mm) compared to transfer.
  • Area coverage was higher (83.7% vs. 63.3%) and non-overlap reduced with AR guidance.
  • Coordinate task completion times were faster with direct AR (8.19 sec vs. 11.2 sec), while area tracing times were similar.

Conclusions:

  • AR-guided visualization enhances spatial accuracy for distance and area metrics without compromising speed.
  • Experience level (≥2 years) significantly impacted distance error, but other factors like specialty were negligible.
  • AR technology shows utility for optimizing surgical precision in veterinary medicine.