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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
Published on: June 10, 2021
Synthesis of indazole-based fluorophores
Thibault Gallavardin1, Xavier Franck1
1CNRS, Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Caen Normandie, ENSICAEN, Institut CARMeN UMR 6064, F-76000 Rouen, France. thibault.gallavardin@univ-rouen.fr.
None:
Indazoles are commonly used in medicinal chemistry as indole surrogates, nonetheless, their unique electronic scaffold involving two tautomeric forms make them promising for optical applications. This review summarizes synthetic routes to indazole-based fluorophores and other photoactive compounds, including photosensitizers and photochromic molecules. They include N1-,N2-substituted derivatives as well as fused indazoles and detail their various applications as bioprobes, metal ligands, and photoswitches.
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