Acid-Base homeostasis in the brain: regional heterogeneity and different Acid-Base transporters

The brain employs a sophisticated and multi-layered system to maintain its delicate acid-base balance, ensuring optimal conditions for neuronal and glial function. This intricate regulation involves a combination of chemical buffering, active transport mechanisms, and systemic controls. The balance of pH in mammalian cells is vital for the control of metabolism, as hydrogen and hydroxyl ions are essential. It is important for the nervous system to keep its pH in a neutral range (7.2-7.6) for proper function. Even small pH changes can impact neuron activity, synaptic transmission, and communication between cells. Many membrane proteins sensitive to pH changes play vital roles in neurotransmission. Recent research has identified pH-sensitive proteins that respond to acidic (pH 5) and alkaline (pH 9) conditions, influencing various cellular activities. This review discusses these pH-sensitive proteins in neurons.