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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Comparative Analysis of Human Growth Hormone in Serum Using SPRi, Nano-SPRi and ELISA Assays
Published on: January 7, 2016
Introduction to Hormonal Growth Promotants and Mechanism of Action
Zachary Kidd Foster Smith1, Bradley J Johnson2
1Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.
Abstract:
Steroidal implants are widely used in global beef production to enhance growth and efficiency. These implants, classified by potency and coating type, release anabolic hormones such as androgens and estrogens over an extended time course of the feeding period. Hormones act through genomic and nongenomic pathways, stimulating growth hormone and IGF-I production, which promote skeletal muscle hypertrophy through an increase in protein synthesis and a reduction in protein degradation. Coated implants provide prolonged hormone release, minimizing reimplantation and stress. Although implants improve average daily gain and carcass weight, they may reduce marbling, requiring adjustments in harvest weight.
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