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Association Between Glaucoma and Mental Health Disorders Based on a Large National Database.

Mohammad Delsoz1, Hina Raja1, Zain S Hussain2,3

  • 1Hamilton Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.

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|January 12, 2026
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Glaucoma is linked to increased risks of anxiety, major depressive disorder (MDD), and schizophrenia. However, race did not significantly modify this association in Black versus Non-Black populations.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Psychiatry
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide.
  • Mental health disorders, including anxiety, major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia, represent a significant global health burden.
  • Understanding the interplay between ocular conditions like glaucoma and mental health is crucial for comprehensive patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between glaucoma and specific mental health disorders.
  • To examine potential effect measure modifications of this association based on race (Black vs. Non-Black populations).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 65,140 individuals in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey database (2017-2020).
  • Focused analysis on 15,016 patients diagnosed with glaucoma or specific mental health disorders using International Classification of Diseases codes.
  • Employed logistic regression and interaction analysis to assess associations and effect modifications.

Main Results:

  • A statistically significant association was found between glaucoma and anxiety (OR=1.36), major depressive disorder (MDD) (OR=1.4), and schizophrenia (OR=3.08) after adjusting for confounders.
  • The association between glaucoma and bipolar disorder was not statistically significant (OR=1.08).
  • Interaction analysis revealed no significant evidence of effect measure modification by race for the association between glaucoma and MDD, anxiety, or schizophrenia.

Conclusions:

  • Glaucoma is significantly associated with higher rates of anxiety, MDD, and schizophrenia.
  • The observed associations between glaucoma and mental health disorders were consistent across racial groups, with no significant evidence of effect modification.
  • These findings underscore the importance of screening for mental health conditions in patients with glaucoma.