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FKF1 nuclear condensates control anti-florigen turnover and flowering onset in response to nitrogen availability in
Yusong Lyu1, Kun Wu2, Yang Zhou3
1Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572000, Hainan, China; National Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China.
Abstract:
High nitrogen (HN) fertilizer routinely enhances crop yields, but it often leads to undesirable late flowering and delayed maturation compared with moderate nitrogen (MN). Here, we identify FLOWERING LOCUS T 4 (FT4) in monocots, which functions as an anti-florigen and regulates flowering time responsive to HN availability. Molecular study reveals that FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX 1 (FKF1) forms nuclear condensates to promote FT4 degradation with the assistance of scaffold protein GIGANTEA (GI) in model grass Brachypodium distachyon, ensuring the timely flowering under MN conditions. However, HN regime impairs the liquid-liquid phase separation capacity of BdFKF1 and disrupts its binding to GI, thereby stabilizing BdFT4 and delaying flowering. In rice, natural variations within the intrinsically disordered region of OsFKF1 contribute to flowering adaptive to varying soil N levels across different geographical regions. These results hold a potential for improving agricultural sustainability through modulation of the FKF1-FT4 regulon in monocot crops.
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