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TiFM2.0 - versatile mechanical measurement and actuation in live embryos
Ana R Hernandez-Rodriguez1,2, Yisha Lan1,2, Fengtong Ji1,2
1Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.
Development (Cambridge, England)
|January 20, 2026
Summary
We developed an improved tissue force microscopy (TiFM2.0) system for precise mechanical measurements in embryonic tissues. This tool aids in understanding tissue development and morphogenesis by characterizing mechanical properties.
Area of Science:
- Developmental Biology
- Biophysics
- Cell Mechanics
Background:
- Embryonic development relies on spatial-temporal tissue stresses and mechanical properties to shape tissues.
- Understanding these mechanics requires precise sensors and actuators for small-scale embryonic tissues.
- Previous work introduced tissue force microscopy (TiFM1.0) for force measurement and imposition in avian embryos.
Purpose of the Study:
- To present an upgraded tissue force microscopy system (TiFM2.0) with enhanced capabilities for studying embryonic tissue mechanics.
- To enable bidirectional stretching, compression, and stress propagation experiments.
- To provide simplified designs for broader adoption in developmental biology labs.
Main Methods:
- Utilized interferometer positioning for minimized probe holder footprint and improved accessibility/imaging signal.
- Implemented a double-probe configuration for versatile mechanical manipulation.
- Applied TiFM2.0 to chicken and zebrafish embryos for proof-of-concept experiments.
Main Results:
- Demonstrated TiFM2.0's capability for bidirectional stretching, compression, and stress propagation.
- Characterized mechanical heterogeneities crucial for chicken posterior body axis morphogenesis.
- Showcased applications in both chicken and zebrafish embryonic development.
Conclusions:
- TiFM2.0 offers enhanced precision and versatility for investigating embryonic tissue mechanics.
- The system facilitates the study of morphogenesis by revealing mechanical heterogeneities.
- Simplified designs and protocols promote accessibility and replication of TiFM technology in research labs.
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