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Related Concept Videos

Lysosomes01:31

Lysosomes

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Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules and biological polymers that are released during membrane trafficking events such as the secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The degradation is carried out by several hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen. These acid hydrolases are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling,...
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Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
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Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate01:29

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Chloride ions contribute to the osmotic pressure gradient distinguishing the intracellular fluid (ICF) from the extracellular fluid (ECF). They counterbalance positively charged ions in the ECF and ensure its electrochemical stability. The renal system's process of chloride absorption and release generally mirrors that of sodium ions.
Conditions such as hypochloremia can arise from insufficient chloride reabsorption by the kidneys, often compounded by extended bouts of diarrhea, vomiting,...
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Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides01:18

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Carboxylic acids react with SOCl2 or PCl5 to form acid chlorides. Amongst the carboxylic acid derivatives, acid chlorides are the most reactive and synthetically important derivatives. They are useful reagents for Friedel–Crafts acylation of some aromatic compounds.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

High-throughput Nitrobenzoxadiazole-labeled Cholesterol Efflux Assay
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CLN3 mediates chloride efflux from lysosomes.

Yayu Wang1, Kai Li1, Wei Chen1

  • 1Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.

Neuron
|January 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Lysosomal dysfunction contributes to neurodegenerative diseases. This study identifies CLN3 protein

Keywords:
Batten diseaseCLN3chloride channellysosomeneurodegenerative disease

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Neurodegenerative diseases are challenging to treat and linked to lysosomal dysfunction.
  • Lysosomes are crucial organelles for degradation and nutrient sensing.
  • The precise role of lysosomal dysfunction in neurodegeneration remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of CLN3 in lysosomal function.
  • To explore therapeutic strategies for lysosomal storage disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Identified CLN3 as a lysosomal chloride efflux facilitator.
  • Investigated the effect of curcumin analog C1, a TFEB activator, on CLN3 activity.

Main Results:

  • CLN3 facilitates lysosomal chloride efflux.
  • Curcumin analog C1 enhances CLN3 activity and improves lysosomal function.
  • Demonstrated the conserved nature of CLN3.

Conclusions:

  • CLN3 plays a key role in lysosomal ion homeostasis.
  • Modulating the TFEB-CLN3 pathway offers potential therapeutic avenues for lysosomal storage disorders.