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Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
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Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
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Assessing the involvement of long-term memory in working memory.

Julie Pougeon1,2, Clément Belletier3, Pierre Barrouillet4

  • 1Département de Psychologie, Université de Fribourg, Rue P.-A. de Faucigny 2, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland. julie.pougeon@doctorant.uca.fr.

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Even when attention is fully engaged, a small memory residual persists. This residual primarily originates from long-term memory (LTM), not short-term storage, challenging some working memory (WM) theories.

Keywords:
AttentionEpisodic memoryLong-term memoryResidualWorking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Complex span tasks assess working memory (WM) by requiring item maintenance during concurrent processing.
  • High cognitive load in concurrent tasks significantly impairs WM but leaves a small memory residual.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether the residual memory in complex span tasks is retrieved from long-term memory (LTM).
  • To test the hypothesis that LTM contributes significantly to memory performance under extreme cognitive load.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments compared memory residual recall immediately versus after a 1-minute backward counting delay.
  • Concurrent articulation was used to maximize cognitive load during the complex span task.

Main Results:

  • A delay significantly reduced the immediate memory residual.
  • Approximately two-thirds of the residual memory remained accessible after the delay, especially under concurrent articulation.
  • Forgetting during the complex span task was substantially greater than during the delay period.

Conclusions:

  • The persistent memory residual under high cognitive load relies heavily on LTM.
  • Findings challenge WM theories positing offloading to activated LTM during attention shifts.
  • Results support the synaptic theory of WM, emphasizing short-term transient storage.