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Related Concept Videos

Indeterminate Products01:29

Indeterminate Products

43
Indeterminate forms also arise in the evaluation of limits involving products, particularly when one factor approaches zero while the other tends to positive or negative infinity. This situation, commonly described as a zero-times-infinity form, does not have an immediately interpretable outcome. Depending on how the factors behave relative to one another, the limit of such a product may be zero, infinite, or a finite nonzero value.Product Limits and Algebraic RewritingTo analyze limits of this...
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Indeterminate Structure01:18

Indeterminate Structure

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Indeterminate structures refer to structures where internal forces and reactions cannot be determined using only the equations of static equilibrium.  Indeterminate structures have more unknown forces and reaction forces than equations of static equilibrium that can be used to determine them. Indeterminate structures are often used in engineering to create complex, efficient, and aesthetically pleasing structures. There are various types of indeterminate structures used in engineering and...
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Statically Indeterminate Problem Solving01:16

Statically Indeterminate Problem Solving

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Statically indeterminate problems are those where statics alone can not determine the internal forces or reactions. Consider a structure comprising two cylindrical rods made of steel and brass. These rods are joined at point B and restrained by rigid supports at points A and C. Now, the reactions at points A and C and the deflection at point B are to be determined. This rod structure is classified as statically indeterminate as the structure has more supports than are necessary for maintaining...
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Indeterminate Forms and L’Hôpital’s Rule01:27

Indeterminate Forms and L’Hôpital’s Rule

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Indeterminate forms occur when evaluating limits leads to expressions that cannot be directly interpreted, such as zero divided by zero or infinity divided by infinity. These results do not describe the true behavior of a function near a given point and instead signal that additional analysis is required. L’Hôpital’s Rule provides a reliable method for resolving such ambiguities by replacing the original functions with their derivatives.Core Idea of L’Hôpital’s...
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Atomic Mass01:52

Atomic Mass

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Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...
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Molar Mass01:54

Molar Mass

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The identity of a substance is defined not only by the types of atoms or ions it contains but by the quantity of each type of atom or ion. For example, water, H2O, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, are alike in that their respective molecules are composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. However, because a hydrogen peroxide molecule contains two oxygen atoms, as opposed to the water molecule, which has only one, the two substances exhibit very different properties.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Augmented Reality Navigation-Guided Core Decompression for Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head
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Augmented Reality Visualization and Navigation Operationalized in Biopsy of Indeterminate Splenic Mass.

Alexander S Misono1

  • 1Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology Newport Beach California USA.

Clinical Case Reports
|January 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Augmented reality (AR) guidance systems enhance splenic mass biopsy accuracy in minor procedure rooms. This technology improves spatial awareness and needle control, enabling successful biopsies with reduced cognitive load.

Keywords:
3‐dimensionalaugmented realitycomputed tomographyelectromagnetichead up displayhead‐mounted display

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Area of Science:

  • Medical technology
  • Interventional radiology
  • Surgical navigation

Background:

  • Traditional 2D imaging (ultrasound, CT) has limitations in depth perception and spatial orientation for complex procedures.
  • Anatomically challenging regions like the spleen require advanced guidance for percutaneous interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the successful application of an augmented reality (AR) guidance system for percutaneous splenic mass biopsy.
  • To evaluate the feasibility and clinical utility of AR technology in an outpatient procedure room setting.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an AR guidance system (XR90) integrating real-time ultrasound, electromagnetic tracking, and pre-procedural CT data.
  • Generated a 3D holographic overlay via a heads-up display (HUD) to enhance operator spatial awareness.
  • Performed percutaneous biopsy of a 6 cm splenic mass in a 69-year-old male patient.

Main Results:

  • The AR system facilitated accurate needle placement and continuous visual confirmation during the biopsy.
  • Achieved successful biopsy sample acquisition on the first pass without complications.
  • Pathology confirmed high-grade B-cell lymphoma.

Conclusions:

  • AR-guided interventions are feasible and clinically useful in minor procedure rooms for splenic mass biopsy.
  • AR technology can reduce cognitive load and improve procedural ergonomics in interventional radiology.
  • This case supports the broader adoption of AR in settings outside traditional operating rooms or angiography suites.