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Evaluation of Soluble ST2 and Galectin-3 Levels in Patients with Heart Failure

Mustafa Çetin1, Zulkif Tanrıverdi2, Recep Demirbağ2

  • 1Clinic of Cardiology, Mehmet Akif Inan Training and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa, Türkiye.

Turk Kardiyoloji Dernegi Arsivi : Turk Kardiyoloji Derneginin Yayin Organidir
|January 21, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Soluble ST2 (sST2) and galectin-3 are elevated in heart failure with reduced and mildly reduced ejection fraction (EF), indicating their role in HF classification. These biomarkers did not differ in heart failure with preserved EF patients compared to controls.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Biomarker Research
  • Heart Failure Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Soluble ST2 (sST2) and galectin-3 are established prognostic markers in heart failure (HF).
  • Their role in classifying HF based on ejection fraction (EF) remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the diagnostic utility of sST2 and galectin-3 in classifying HF patients based on EF.
  • To compare sST2 and galectin-3 levels across different HF subtypes and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study including 41 patients each with HFrEF (EF ≤ 40%), HFmrEF (EF 41-49%), HFpEF (EF ≥ 50%), and 41 healthy controls.
  • Measurement of serum sST2 and galectin-3 levels.
  • Statistical comparison of biomarker levels among groups and correlation analysis with EF and BNP.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in sST2 and galectin-3 levels were observed across the study groups (P < 0.001 and P = 0.007, respectively).
  • Patients with HFrEF and HFmrEF exhibited significantly higher sST2 and galectin-3 levels compared to controls (P ≤ 0.001).
  • No significant difference in sST2 and galectin-3 levels was found between HFpEF patients and controls (P > 0.4).
  • sST2 and galectin-3 levels were positively correlated with BNP and negatively correlated with EF (P < 0.028).

Conclusions:

  • sST2 and galectin-3 levels are elevated in HFrEF and HFmrEF, correlating with decreased EF.
  • These biomarkers do not differentiate HFpEF from healthy individuals.
  • sST2 and galectin-3 show potential as discriminators for HF subtypes with reduced ejection fraction.
Abstract

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