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Understanding team adaptation to unexpected events in drone operations training
Manuel Lombardi1, Rogier Woltjer2, Riccardo Patriarca1
1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Ergonomics
|January 22, 2026
Summary
This study analyzed human performance in simulated drone operations, revealing adaptive behaviors and discrepancies between procedures and actual training using the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork method.
Area of Science:
- Human-computer interaction
- Cognitive systems engineering
- Advanced Air Mobility (AAM)
Background:
- Understanding human adaptations is crucial for designing complex systems like Advanced Air Mobility (AAM).
- Simulated drone operations provide a platform to study human performance variability.
- The Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) method is used to analyze team interactions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To examine human performance variability in simulated drone operations.
- To compare Work-As-Instructed (WAIn) and Work-As-Trained (WAT) models.
- To identify discrepancies between Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and actual trainee behaviors.
Main Methods:
- Utilized the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) method.
- Constructed WAIn EAST networks based on SOPs.
- Developed WAT networks from communication logs and audio recordings of simulated drone training, focusing on bird strike events.
Main Results:
- Identified adaptive behavioral tendencies in trainee teams.
- Revealed discrepancies in task-knowledge-agent couplings between WAIn and WAT models.
- Visualized these discrepancies using a novel joint cognitive network variability matrix.
Conclusions:
- Capturing trainee behaviors, including task, knowledge, and social interactions, is valuable for understanding performance in emerging technologies.
- The EAST method effectively highlights deviations from SOPs in simulated AAM environments.
- Findings inform the design and training for human-AI teaming in AAM.
Keywords:
Emergent adaptive behavioursadaptive performancecognitive engineeringwork-as-instructedwork-as-trainedMore Related Videos
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