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Drug Delivery: Overview

Drug Delivery: Overview

The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...

Targets for Drug Action: Overview

Targets for Drug Action: Overview

Drugs target macromolecules to modify ongoing cellular processes. Primary drug targets include receptors, ion channels, transporters, and enzymes.
Receptors are either membrane-spanning or intracellular proteins, which upon binding a ligand, get activated and transmit the signal downstream to elicit a response. Drugs bind receptors, either mimicking the action of endogenous ligands or blocking the receptor activity to bring about a modified response. Nearly 35% of approved drugs target the G...

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection, and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...

Colors and Magnetism

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...

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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Safety of Placenta-Targeted Drug Delivery Using Three Complementary Methods

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Safety of Placenta-Targeted Drug Delivery Using Three Complementary Methods

Published on: September 10, 2018

Magnetically Guided Microrobots for Targeted Drug Delivery.

Yi Zhang¹, Jiaqi Li², Lijie Yin³

¹School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Flexible Medical Robotics, National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Magnetic Resonance Technologies For Diagnosis and Therapy (NERC-AMRT), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.

Advanced Healthcare Materials

|January 22, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Magnetically guided microrobots offer precise, minimally invasive drug delivery, overcoming limitations of conventional methods. Challenges in biocompatibility and navigation remain, but future advancements promise significant progress in targeted therapies.

Keywords:

clinical translation drug delivery microrobot real‐time tracking stimuli‐responsive drug release

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Nanotechnology
Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

Conventional drug delivery methods face challenges like poor targeting and systemic side effects.
Magnetically guided microrobots offer enhanced precision and minimally invasive navigation in biological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advances in magnetically guided microrobots for targeted drug delivery.
To highlight challenges and future directions for clinical translation of microrobot technology.

Main Methods:

Review of microfabrication techniques for diverse microrobot designs (e.g., helical swimmers, biohybrid systems).
Integration of magnetic actuation, biomaterials, and stimuli-responsive drug release mechanisms.
Advancements in real-time in vivo imaging and tracking technologies (ultrasound, MRI, etc.).

Main Results:

Development of microrobots capable of transporting drugs, cells, or theranostic agents.
Demonstration of controlled cargo release triggered by various stimuli.
Successful in vivo guidance and monitoring enabled by advanced imaging.

Conclusions:

Magnetically guided microrobots show significant potential for targeted therapy and regenerative medicine.
Overcoming challenges in biocompatibility, locomotion, release precision, and regulatory approval is crucial for clinical translation.
Continued interdisciplinary research is key to realizing the full potential of microrobots in precision medicine.