Advances in miRNA detection

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are experiencing increased interest for their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic agents and targets. In this review, we discuss the various advances in miRNAs detection from sample collection to result interpretation. Emphasis is placed on the necessity for standardized protocols in both collection and analysis to ensure reproducibility and comparability of results across studies. The challenges associated with miRNA detection stem from their small size, low concentration in biofluids, and complexity of their various transport forms. Conventional methods for miRNA measurement, including RT-qPCR, digital PCR, microarrays, and sequencing, are detailed. Others, such as isothermal amplification, have recently been developed to improve sensitivity, specificity, and multiplexing capability. These new methods have contributed to the development of point-of-care testing for near patient miRNA quantification. Furthermore, the evolution of artificial intelligence will enable detailed and more comprehensive analysis of big data thus facilitating miRNA biomarker discovery. Artificial intelligence can also enable the integration of this data with other omics approaches such as transcriptomics and proteomics as well as clinical and imaging data for improved patient management as part of personalized medicine.