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Related Concept Videos

Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

1.2K
Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
1.2K
Ion-Exchange Chromatography01:09

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

2.0K
Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...
2.0K
Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

91.2K
The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
91.2K
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

30.0K
Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
30.0K
Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

46.1K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
46.1K
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

25.8K
A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
25.8K

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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone
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Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone

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Scalable Single-Ion Selective Mixed Matrix Ion Exchange Membranes for Direct Lithium Extraction.

Muhammad Bilal1, Sandip Pal2,1, Songdi Zhao2,1

  • 1Institute for Carbon Management, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|January 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel mixed matrix ion exchange membrane for sustainable lithium recovery from brines. The membrane demonstrates near-infinite lithium-ion selectivity over sodium-ions, addressing critical needs for electrification.

Keywords:
direct Li extraction (DLE)electrodialysismixed matrix membranesmonovalent ion selectivityresource recovery

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Ion-Exchange Membranes for the Fabrication of Reverse Electrodialysis Device
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Electrodialysis (IEX) membranes are crucial for sustainable critical mineral recovery, including lithium from brines.
  • Current membranes struggle with efficient lithium (Li+) and sodium (Na+) ion separation, showing poor Li+/Na+ selectivity.
  • Growing demand for lithium, driven by electrification, necessitates improved separation technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel mixed matrix (MM) ion exchange (IEX) membrane with enhanced Li+/Na+ selectivity for electrodialysis.
  • To investigate the structural properties, stability, and ion transport mechanisms of the developed MM membrane.
  • To address the critical need for cost-effective and energy-efficient lithium recovery from sodium-rich brines.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a LiMn2O4-incorporated mixed matrix (MM) IEX membrane using a quaternized poly(oxy-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene) matrix.
  • Characterization of membrane structure using techniques like ICP and elemental mapping.
  • Evaluation of membrane performance in diffusion dialysis and electrodialysis modes, assessing Li+/Na+ selectivity and ion flux.

Main Results:

  • The MM membrane achieved near-infinite Li+/Na+ selectivity in electrodialysis, with Na+ below detection limits.
  • Structural analysis confirmed homogeneous LiMn2O4 distribution, spinel-phase retention, and superior thermal stability.
  • High Li+ flux was observed (46 ± 3 mmol·h-1·m-2 at Li+/Na+ ratio of 1), with no Na+ flux and no Mn leaching or degradation after repeated cycles.

Conclusions:

  • The developed LiMn2O4-MM IEX membrane offers a highly selective and stable solution for lithium recovery from brines.
  • This technology addresses the limitations of existing membranes, providing a sustainable and efficient pathway for critical mineral extraction.
  • The membrane's performance supports the growing demand for lithium in electrification, offering a cost-effective and low-water-use separation method.