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Determining Consensus Priorities for Compounding Skills in Pharmacy Education Using a Modified Delphi Method.

Emily Polischuk¹, Jeanne E Frenzel²

¹University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA.

American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education

|January 26, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study identified essential sterile and nonsterile compounding skills for pharmacy students. Key areas include aseptic technique, pharmaceutical calculations, and regulatory knowledge to prepare graduates for practice.

Keywords:

Compounding education Nonsterile compounding Pharmacy skills Sterile compounding

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Area of Science:

Pharmacy Education
Compounding Pharmacy
Curriculum Development

Background:

Pharmacy graduates require specific skills in sterile and nonsterile compounding.
Current pharmacy curricula may not adequately address all essential compounding competencies.
Expert consensus is needed to define and prioritize these skills.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and prioritize essential sterile and nonsterile compounding skills for pharmacy curricula.
To achieve expert consensus on critical skills through a modified Delphi process and validation surveys.
To inform curriculum development for better graduate preparedness.

Main Methods:

A two-round modified Delphi process involving sterile and nonsterile compounding experts.
Thematic analysis of Round 1 responses to develop a skill list for Round 2.
Experts rated skill importance using a 5-point Likert scale, followed by validation surveys with American College of Apothecaries (ACA) members.

Main Results:

Sterile compounding experts prioritized aseptic technique, hand hygiene, and garbing.
Nonsterile compounding experts emphasized pharmaceutical calculations, accurate measurement, and dosage form preparation (suspensions, solutions, capsules).
Both groups agreed on the importance of regulatory knowledge (USP <795>, <797>, <800>), beyond-use dating, and technician supervision.

Conclusions:

Preliminary consensus was reached on essential sterile and nonsterile compounding skills for pharmacy graduates.
Prioritizing aseptic technique, nonsterile dosage form preparation, calculations, and regulatory knowledge is crucial.
Incorporating practice and simulation can enhance graduate readiness for current demands.