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Pitch-Tracking Risk Factors and Warning Signs for Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Major League Baseball

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Increased variability in pitching mechanics, particularly fastball velocity and release position, may indicate an increased risk of ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury in baseball pitchers. Pitch-tracking data can reveal these warning signs for early detection and prevention.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics
  • Baseball Analytics

Background:

  • Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries are common in baseball pitchers, necessitating improved prevention and early detection strategies.
  • Advanced pitch-tracking data offers a method for evaluating pitching changes that may precede UCL injury.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Identify baseline pitch-tracking risk factors in the pre-injury season.
  • Detect temporal warning signs of UCL injuries across different time windows, including the offseason and pre-injury outings.

Main Methods:

  • A case-control study matched 78 Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers who underwent UCL surgery with 156 controls.
  • Evaluated fastball metrics (velocity, release position, extension, spin rate) in three stages: baseline, sequential time intervals, and final outings.
  • Used mixed-effects models to assess differences in mean values and intra-outing variability.

Main Results:

  • Injured pitchers exhibited greater baseline variability in velocity and horizontal release position.
  • Observed shifts in release point and changes in extension variability across different time intervals.
  • Detected increased spin rate and a progressive velocity decline in the final outings for injured pitchers, unlike controls.

Conclusions:

  • Greater intra-outing variability in fastball velocity and release position are potential risk factors for UCL injury.
  • A sequence of warning signs, including release point shifts and velocity decline, can precede UCL injury.
  • Pitch-tracking data, focusing on intra-pitcher variability, can aid in earlier detection and prevention of UCL injuries.