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Related Concept Videos

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Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Energy diagrams are important to understand the dynamics of a system. The topology of an energy diagram helps illustrate the equilibrium points of the system.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Preparation and Delivery of Protein Microcrystals in Lipidic Cubic Phase for Serial Femtosecond Crystallography
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Preparation and Delivery of Protein Microcrystals in Lipidic Cubic Phase for Serial Femtosecond Crystallography

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Automated microbatch-under-oil phase diagrams to rationalize serial crystallography sample preparation.

Jack Stubbs1, Courtney J Tremlett2, Abigail Waitman1

  • 1School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.

Iucrj
|January 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces an automated microbatch-under-oil method for rapid protein crystallization screening, significantly reducing sample needs for serial crystallography. The technique optimizes microcrystal production for advanced diffraction experiments.

Keywords:
microbatch-under-oilmicrocrystalsoptimizationphase diagramssample preparationseedingserial crystallography

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Area of Science:

  • Structural Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Serial crystallography requires high-density microcrystal suspensions.
  • Sample optimization for microcrystal production is a bottleneck.
  • Traditional phase diagram mapping consumes excessive protein sample.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a rapid, low-volume method for mapping protein crystallization phase boundaries.
  • To optimize microcrystal density, size, and lattice order for serial crystallography.
  • To provide a reproducible workflow for both known and new protein targets.

Main Methods:

  • Automated microbatch-under-oil crystallization.
  • Diagonal sampling strategy varying protein-to-precipitant ratios.
  • Linked variation of multiple precipitants and automated seed-stock titration.

Main Results:

  • Rapid phase boundary mapping using minimal protein (15-60 µl).
  • Identification of nucleation zones and morphology-specific regions.
  • Precise definition of the metastable zone for nucleation-limited systems.

Conclusions:

  • The integrated approach systematically decouples nucleation from growth.
  • Ensures stable chemical coordinates for scale-up, unlike vapor diffusion.
  • Transforms empirical sample preparation into a rational, efficient process for serial diffraction.