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Inkjet-printed Polyvinyl Alcohol Multilayers

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Published on: May 11, 2017

Flexible Inkjet-Printed pH Sensors for Application in Organ-on-a-Chip Biomedical Testing.

Željka Boček¹, Donna Danijela Dragun¹, Laeticia Offner^1,2

¹Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.

|January 27, 2026

Summary

Researchers developed inkjet-printed pH sensors for lung-on-a-chip models. This technology enables real-time monitoring of pH changes in simulated lung environments, advancing inhalation therapy and respiratory research.

Keywords:

biomedical testing electrochemical sensor flexible sensor inkjet printing lung-on-a-chip pH sensor polyaniline potentiometry printed sensor

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Materials Science
Sensor Technology

Background:

Lung-on-a-chip models are crucial for studying inhalation products and drug delivery.
Physiological lung environments exhibit pH fluctuations, necessitating monitoring in these models.
Existing models lack integrated, real-time pH sensing capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop flexible, miniaturized, inkjet-printed pH sensors for integration into lung-on-a-chip systems.
To evaluate different pH-sensitive materials and substrates for sensor fabrication.
To create a functional lung-on-a-chip model with integrated chemical sensing.

Main Methods:

Inkjet printing of pH-sensitive materials (plasticized PVC, polyaniline) onto flexible substrates (SPE, IJP-Gr).
Fabrication and characterization of potentiometric sensors, including sensitivity and stability tests.
Integration of the optimized sensor with a lung-on-a-chip model featuring electrospun membranes and alginate.

Main Results:

A biocompatible, inkjet-printed polyaniline sensor paired with an Ag/AgCl quasireference electrode demonstrated Nernstian sensitivity (58.8 mV/pH).
The sensor system exhibited good reproducibility, reversibility, and potential stability.
The integrated lung-on-a-chip model successfully monitored pH changes during acetic acid aerosol exposure, assessing permeability.

Conclusions:

Inkjet-printed microsensors combined with electrospun-hydrogel materials enhance lung-on-a-chip models for studying aerosol dynamics and chemical environments.
This platform integrates mechanical properties with chemical sensing, offering a novel approach for respiratory research and inhalation therapy development.
The developed system provides a valuable tool for simulating and analyzing complex lung conditions.