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A Novel 3D-Printed Flow Cell Design for In Operando Disposable Printed Electrode Replacement: Improving Continuous

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Summary

This study introduces a 3D-printed flow cell for continuous monitoring of Methylene Blue (MB) using screen-printed electrodes. The innovative design enables effortless sensor replacement, overcoming adsorption issues for reliable Methylene Blue detection.

Keywords:
3D printingMethylene Bluecontinuous monitoringelectrochemical sensormicrofluidicsscreen-printed electrode

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Disposable screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) face challenges in continuous monitoring due to adsorption, fouling, and degradation.
  • Methylene Blue (MB), a therapeutic agent and DNA sensor reporter, is also a toxic aquatic pollutant with strong adsorption to carbon materials, hindering repeated electroanalytical determination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for direct electrochemical determination of Methylene Blue (MB) using native carbon SPEs.
  • To overcome the limitations of MB adsorption and enable continuous monitoring in flow systems.

Main Methods:

  • Optimization of an analytical method for MB determination using SPEs.
  • Development and 3D printing of a modular flow cell with a hot-swapping mechanism for SPE replacement.
  • Mechanical testing of flow cell components (polyacrylate and TPU) for structural stability and sealing.
  • Square wave voltammetry for MB detection in a continuous flow system.

Main Results:

  • Batch mode measurements showed improved sensitivity and reproducibility with prepolarization, but successive low-concentration measurements were infeasible.
  • The 3D-printed flow cell with a flexible TPU lower section allowed effortless sensor hot-swapping and effective sealing.
  • Optimized hot-swapping flow detection achieved a sensitivity of 65.59 µA/µM and a limit of detection (LOD) of 7.75 nM for MB.
  • The developed method outperforms similar systems reported in the literature.

Conclusions:

  • A novel 3D-printed modular flow cell enables continuous, in-operando replacement of SPEs, effectively addressing MB adsorption issues.
  • This approach facilitates reliable and sensitive electrochemical determination of MB in continuous flow systems.
  • The technology is suitable for integration into low-cost environmental monitoring and in-line quality control, particularly in flow chemistry.