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Related Concept Videos

Entropy02:39

Entropy

35.7K
Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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ATP Energy Storage and Release01:31

ATP Energy Storage and Release

14.4K
ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
One example of energy coupling using ATP involves a...
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Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules01:10

Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules

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Sugar (a simple carbohydrate) metabolism (chemical reactions) is a classic example of the many cellular processes that use and produce energy. Living things consume sugar as a major energy source because sugar molecules have considerable energy stored within their bonds. Consumed carbohydrates have their origins in photosynthesizing organisms like plants. During photosynthesis, plants use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide gas into sugar molecules, like glucose. Because this...
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Fats as Energy Storage Molecules01:06

Fats as Energy Storage Molecules

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Triglycerides are a form of long-term energy storage molecules. They are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. To obtain energy from fat, triglycerides must first be broken down by hydrolysis into their two principal components, fatty acids and glycerol. This process, called lipolysis, takes place in the cytoplasm. The resulting fatty acids are oxidized by β-oxidation into acetyl-CoA, which is used by the Krebs cycle. The glycerol that is released from triglycerides after lipolysis...
27.0K
What is an Electrochemical Gradient?01:26

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?

127.7K
Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is considered the primary energy source in cells. However, energy can also be stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ion across the plasma membrane, which is determined by two factors: its chemical and electrical gradients.
The chemical gradient relies on differences in the abundance of a substance on the outside versus the inside of a cell and flows from areas of high to low ion concentration. In contrast, the electrical gradient revolves around an...
127.7K
Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction03:00

Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction

24.2K
Entropy is a state function, so the standard entropy change for a chemical reaction (ΔS°rxn) can be calculated from the difference in standard entropy between the products and the reactants.
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Updated: Jan 29, 2026

A Protocol for Electrochemical Evaluations and State of Charge Diagnostics of a Symmetric Organic Redox Flow Battery
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High-Entropy Materials Chemistry for Electrochemical Energy Storage.

Song Yuan1,2, Jiaqi Wei2, Zhuoran Ma3

  • 1Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU, Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, People's Republic of China.

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High-entropy materials chemistry offers a new paradigm for designing advanced battery materials. This review explores its principles, applications, and challenges for next-generation energy storage solutions.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Traditional battery material innovation is slow, hindering development of high-energy-density, extreme-condition tolerant, and earth-abundant batteries.
  • The high-entropy strategy enables broad compositional tuning and property optimization, presenting a novel design paradigm for battery materials.
  • Current research in high-entropy materials chemistry (HEMC) for batteries is nascent, lacking clear definitions, understood mechanisms, and rational design principles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of HEMC in batteries, addressing current issues and future directions.
  • To systematically discuss entropy-driven mechanisms in both solid and liquid battery phases.
  • To present an integrated perspective on challenges and opportunities across the entire battery system.

Main Methods:

  • Review of fundamental principles of HEMC and its battery applications.
  • Systematic discussion of entropy-driven mechanisms in solid and liquid phases.
  • Highlighting advances in synthesis, characterization, computation, and AI for HEMC development.

Main Results:

  • HEMC offers a promising approach for advanced battery materials, enabling broad compositional tuning.
  • Entropy-driven mechanisms in both solid and liquid phases are explored, though understanding is incomplete.
  • Progress in synthesis, characterization, computation, and AI is accelerating HEMC development.

Conclusions:

  • HEMC presents a significant opportunity for next-generation batteries, but requires further research to clarify definitions and mechanisms.
  • Addressing challenges and leveraging opportunities across the full battery system is crucial for realizing HEMC's potential.
  • Integration of advanced techniques like AI is key to accelerating the rational design and development of HEMC-based batteries.