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Relational mobility promotes optimism and willingness to delay happiness.
1Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University.
Emotion (Washington, D.C.)
|January 29, 2026
Summary
People in countries with high relational mobility are more likely to delay happiness for future gains. This pursuit of long-term happiness is linked to greater well-being and optimism.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Sociology
- Cross-cultural studies
Background:
- The concept of 'delaying happiness' involves sacrificing present joy for future well-being.
- Cross-cultural variations in this belief are not well understood.
Purpose of the Study:
- To examine cross-country differences in the tendency to delay happiness.
- To investigate the relationship between relational mobility and delaying happiness.
- To explore the mediating roles of sense of control and optimism.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of nationally representative data from 22 countries (N > 200,000).
- Replication study in two countries (N = 785).
- Examination of national-level variables and individual-level mediators.
Main Results:
- Higher relational mobility correlates with a greater likelihood of delaying happiness.
- National wealth, income inequality, and individualism-collectivism did not explain this link.
- Sense of control and optimism mediate the relationship between relational mobility and delaying happiness.
Conclusions:
- Social ecologies with greater relational freedom may encourage delaying happiness.
- This pursuit is associated with various domains of well-being at individual and country levels.
- Findings suggest a link between social structure, psychological factors, and happiness pursuit.
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